Estimating, Costing and Valuation

5-12-37.Specification for earthwork for road in embankment
5-12-38.Specification for lightening conductor
5-12-39.Specification for cast iron pipes
5-12-40.Specification for supplying and fixing Indian type W.C. with
foot rest
5-12-41.Specification for providing and fixing European type W.C.
5-12-42.Specification for providing and fixing wash basin including
all fittings
5-12-43.Specifications for supplying, laying and fixing galvanized
iron pipes
5-13. Specifications in outlines
5-13-1. Specification for the brickwork in arch in c.m. (1:4)
5-13-2. Specification for 2nd class brickwork in c.m. (1:6)
5-13-3. Specification for 3rd class brickwork in c.m. (1:6)
5-13-4. Specification for the brick partition wall in c.m. (1:4)
5-13-5. Specification for reinforced brickwork for walls in c.m. (1:3)
5-13-6. Specification for coursed rubble masonry I sort in c.m. (1:6)
5-13-7. Specification for coursed rubble masonry II sort in c.m. (1:6)
5-13-8. Specification for coursed rubble masonry III sort in c.m.
(1:6)
5-13-9. Specification for R.C.C. slab 12 cm thick prop. (1:2:4)
5-13-10.Specification for R.C.C. beam prop. (1:2:4)
5-13-11.Specification for R.C.C. stair of 1 metre width prop. (1:2:4)
5-13-12.Specification for 40 mm thick Indian patent stone prop.
(1:2:4)
5-13-13.Specification for wooden cupboards
5-13-14.Specification for 12 mm thick cement plaster in c.m. (1:4)
5-13-15.Specification for manhole of size 1 m × 1 m and depth not
exceeding 2 m
5-13-16.Specification for centrifugal pumps
5-13-17.Specification for mosaic tiles flooring
5-13-18.Specification for 80 mm full grout surface on existing road
5-13-19.Specification for 50 mm thick asphaltic concrete road surface
5-13-20.Specification for 150 mm thick cement concrete road (1:2:4)
laid in single layer
5-13-21.Specification for cement macadam road on existing W.B.
road surface
5-13-22.Specification for fabricating steel roof truss by welding
5-13-23.Specification for earthwork for road in cutting
Questions 5

Chapter 6: MARKET SURVEY

6-1. General
6-2. Significance of market survey
6-3. Rates of materials
6-4. Rates of labour
6-5. Construction equipments
6-5-1. Importance
6-5-2. Selection of equipments
6-5-3. Economic life of construction equipments
6-5-4. Sources of equipments
6-5-5. Various types of construction equipments
6-5-5-1. Excavating and earth moving equipments
6-5-5-2. Earth compacting equipments
6-5-5-3. Hauling equipments
6-5-5-4. Hoisting equipments
6-5-5-5. Conveying equipments
6-5-5-6. Pumping equipments
6-5-5-7. Concrete construction equipments
6-5-5-8. Drilling equipments
6-5-5-9. Road making equipments
6-5-6. Tools used in brick masonry, stone masonry and plaster work
Questions 6

Chapter 7: RATE ANALYSIS

7-1. Definition
7-2. Purposes of rate analysis
7-3. Importance of rate analysis
7-4. Essentials of rate analysis
7-5. Schedule of rates (S.O.R.)
7-6. Standard costing
7-7. Task work per day
7-8. Rate analysis of typical items

7-8-1. Excavation for foundation in ordinary soft soil including
throwing excavated earth within the lead of 30 m and lift
of 1.50 m
7-8-2. Sand filling in plinth
7-8-3. Brickbat cement concrete (B.B.C.C.) proportion(1:6:12) for
foundations and plinth
7-8-4. Brickbat cement concrete (B.B.C.C.) proportion (1:5:10) for
foundations and plinth
7-8-5. Brickbat cement concrete (B.B.C.C.) proportion (1:4:8) for
foundations and plinth
7-8-6. Brickbat cement concrete for foundations proportion (1:3:6)
for foundations and plinth
7-8-7. 65 mm thick brickbat coba concrete proportion (1:6:12) under
terrace floors
7-8-8. Brickbat lime concrete (B.B.L.C.) proportion (1:2:4) for
foundations and plinth
7-8-9. Plain cement concrete (P.C.C.) proportion (1:6:12) below
column footing in foundations
7-8-10. Plain cement concrete proportion (1:4:8) below column footing
in foundations
7-8-11. Plain cement concrete (P.C.C.) proportion (1:3:6)
7-8-12. Plain cement concrete (P.C.C.) proportion (1:2:4) M15
7-8-13. Plain cement concrete (P.C.C.) proportion (1:1.5:3) M20
7-8-14. Plain cement concrete (P.C.C.) proportion (1:1:2) M25
7-8-15. Providing and laying Mild steel reinforcement
7-8-16. Providing and laying HYSD steel reinforcement
7-8-17. 12 cm R.C.C. slab proportion (1:2:4) M15 with steel
reinforcement
7-8-18. R.C.C. beams proportion (1:2:4) M15 with steel reinforcement
7-8-19. R.C.C. columns proportion (1:2:4)
M15 with steel reinforcement
7-8-20. R.C.C. Lintels proportion (1:2:4)
M15 with steel reinforcement
7-8-21. R.C.C. footing proportion (1:2:4)
M15 with steel reinforcement
7-8-22. R.C.C. coping proportion (1:2:4)
M15 with steel reinforcement
7-8-23. R.C.C. plinth beam proportion (1:2:4)
M15 with steel reinforcement
7-8-24. 112.5 mm thick R.C.C. cantilever slab proportion (1:2:4)
M15 with steel reinforcement
7-8-25. Average 75 mm thick R.C.C. weathershed proportion (1:2:4)
M15 with steel reinforcement
7-8-26. 1.0 m wide R.C.C. step proportion (1:2:4) M15 with steel
reinforcement
7-8-27. Average 75 mm thick R.C.C. paradi proportion (1:2:4) M15
with steel reinforcement
7-8-28. Average 125 mm thick R.C.C. canopy slab proportion (1:2:4)
M15 with steel reinforcement
7-8-29. 12 cm R.C.C. slab proportion (1:1.5:3) M20 with steel
reinforcement
7-8-30. R.C.C. beam proportion (1:1.5:3) M20 with steel reinforcement
7-8-31. R.C.C. column proportion (1:1.5:3) M20 with steel
reinforcement
7-8-32. R.C.C. lintel proportion (1:1.5:3) M20 with steel reinforcement0
7-8-33. R.C.C. footing proportion (1:1.5:3) M20 with steel
reinforcement
7-8-34. R.C.C. coping proportion (1:1.5:3) M20 with steel
reinforcement
7-8-35. R.C.C. plinth beam proportion (1:1.5:3) M20 with steel
reinforcement
7-8-36. 112.5 mm thick R.C.C. cantilever slab proportion (1:1.5:3)
M20 with steel reinforcement
7-8-37. Average 75 mm thick R.C.C. weathershed proportion
(1:1.5:3) M20 with steel reinforcement
7-8-38. 1.0 m wide R.C.C. step proportion (1:1.5:3) M20 with steel
reinforcement
7-8-39. Average 75 mm thick R.C.C. Pardi proportion (1:1.5:3) M20
with steel reinforcement
7-8-40. Average 125 mm thick R.C.C. Canopy slab proportion
(1:1.5:3) M20 with steel reinforcement

7-8-41. 1st class brickwork in cement mortar (1:6) upto plinth using
modular bricks
7-8-42. 1st class brickwork in c.m. (1:6) upto plinth using conventional
bricks
7-8-43. 1st class brickwork in c.m. (1:8) upto plinth
7-8-44. 10 cm thick brick partition wall in c.m. (1:4) for ground
floor
7-8-45. Ashlar masonry in c.m. (1:6) for ground floor
7-8-46. Coursed rubble masonry in c.m. (1:6) for ground floor
7-8-47. Random rubble masonry in c.m. (1:6) for ground floor
7-8-48. Brickwork in arch with c.m. (1:3) using modular bricks
7-8-49. Honey comb brickwork for partition wall in c.m. (1:4) in
superstructure
7-8-50. Cement mortar (1:1) (1 Cement : 1 Sand)
7-8-51. Cement mortar (1:2) (1 Cement : 2 Sand)
7-8-52. Cement mortar (1:3) (1 Cement : 3 Sand)
7-8-53. Cement mortar (1:4) (1 Cement : 4 Sand)
7-8-54. Cement mortar (1:5) (1 Cement : 5 Sand)
7-8-55. Cement mortar (1:6) (1 Cement : 6 Sand)
7-8-56. Lime mortar (1:2) (1 Lime Putty : 2 Fine Sand)
7-8-57. Mosaic tiles (precast terrazzo tiles) flooring on average 25
mm thick bedding of c.m. (1:4)
7-8-58. Mosaic tiles flooring on terrace
7-8-59. Mosaic tiles skirting 75 mm high
7-8-60. Polished Kotah stone flooring
7-8-61. Poilshed Kotah stone skirting 75 mm high
7-8-62. White glazed tiles flooring of size 150 mm × 150 mm
7-8-63. White glazed tiles in skirting, risers of step and dado on 12
mm thick rough cement plaster (1:3) base and joined with
white cement slurry
7-8-64. 40 mm thick Indian patent stone in P.C.C. (1:2:4)
7-8-65. 62 mm thick I.P.S. with ironite finish, 50 mm thick P.C.C.
(1:2:4) and 12 mm thick ironite finish
7-8-66. Rough Kotah stone flooring on average 40 mm thick bedding
7-8-67. Marble flooring
7-8-68. Marble skirting 75 mm high
7-8-69. 40 mm thick terrazo floor finish
7-8-70. Crazy Marble Stone Flooring
7-8-71. P.V.C. Tiles Flooring
7-8-72. Flooring of bricks on edge–top 25 mm in c.m. (1:1) and rest
in c.m. (1:24)
7-8-73. Light weight thor concrete in proportion (1:6:36) (1 cement:
2 sand: 6 brickbats: 36 light weight thor)
7-8-74. 75 mm × 75 mm size cement grit vata in proportion (1:2:4)
(volume per 10 m = 0.075 × 0.075 × 10 = 0.06 cu m)
7-8-75. Cut cement pointing in c.m. (1:1)
7-8-76. 12 mm thick cement plaster in c.m. (1:4)
7-8-77. 12 mm thick cement plaster in c.m. (1:3)
7-8-78. 18 mm thick single coat mala plaster in c.m. (1:4)
7-8-79. 20 mm thick double coat sand faced plaster with 1st coat in
c.m. (1:4) and 2nd coat in c.m. (1:2)
7-8-80. 20 mm thick double coat sand faced plaster with 1st coat in
c.m. (1:4) and 2nd coat in c.m. (1:1)
7-8-81. Whitewashing in three coats
7-8-82. Oil painting in three coats
7-8-83. Fully panelled double shutter wooden door of size 1.10 m
× 2.00 m with brass fastenings and fixtures
7-8-84. Fully glazed double shutter window of size 1.00 m × 1.50
m with brass fastenings and fixtures
7-8-85. Manglore-tiled roof including wooden battens 45 cm × 25
mm at 350 mm centre to centre
7-8-86. Laying G.I. Pipe 40 mm diameter (Open)
7-8-87. Laying G.I. pipe 40 mm diameter (concealed)
7-8-88. Laying 150 mm diameter stoneware pipe
7-8-89. Washbasin of size 550 mm × 400 mm
7-8-90. Indian W.C. of size 580 mm with a pair of foot-rest
7-8-91. Suspended ceiling of Plaster of Paris including wooden main
battens 100 mm × 50 mm at 80 cm c/c and cross battens 50
mm × 25 mm at 40 cm c/c
7-8-92. Rubble soling 12 cm thick
7-8-93. 150 mm thick water bound macadam road surface

7-8-94. 50 mm full grout surface on existing road surface
7-8-95. 20 mm thick Damp-poof course in c.m. (1:2)
7-8-96. 25 mm thick Damp-poof course in cement concrete proportion
7-8-97. Concealed electric light point of M.S. conduit
7-8-98. Concealed electric light point of P.V.C. conduit upto average
height 3.05 m
7-9. Rates for some typical items of construction
Questions 7

Chapter 8: ESTIMATES OF VARIOUS TYPES OF BUILDINGS

8-1. General
8-2. Estimate of simple steps
8-3. Estimate of corner steps
8-4. Estimate of a shop
8-5. Estimate of a servant’s quarter
8-6. Estimate of a sanitary block for a factory building
8-7. Estimate of a residential building
8-8. Estimate of a children’s library
8-9. Estimate of a compound wall
8-10. Estimate of a ginning factory
8-11. Typical estimates of buildings

Chapter 9: ESTIMATES OF DIFFERENT R.C.C. STRUCTURES
AND FORMWORK

9-1. General
9-2. Quantity of steel
9-3. Weights of steel bars
9-4. Number of bars or stirrups
9-5. Types of steel bars
9-6. Length of hook and bent-up bars
9-7. Bar bending schedule
9-8. Estimate of R.C.C. column with footing in prop. (1:1.5:3)
9-9. Estimate of R.C.C. Beam in proportion (1:1.5:3)
9-10. Estimate of R.C.C. beam in proportion (1:1.5:3)
9-11. Estimate of R.C.C. Weathershed with lintel for 1.20 m wide
window in proportion (1:1.5:3)
9-12. Estimate of R.C.C. Slab in proportion (1:1.5:3)
9-13. Estimate of R.C.C. Floor in proportion (1:1.5:3)
9-14. Estimate of formwork for R.C.C. Works
9-15. Estimate of R.C.C. Retaining wall in proportion (1:1.5:3)
9-16. Estimate of R.C.C. Retaining wall
9-17. Estimate of a shed for cycles
9-18. Estimate of R.C.C. Staircase

Chapter 10:ESTIMATES OF ROOFS AND STEEL STRUCTURES

10-1. General
10-2. Estimate of a roof with corrugated galvanized iron sheets
10-3. Estimate of a welded steel roof truss
10-4. Estimate of a steel stanchion with grillage foundation

Chapter 11:ESTIMATES OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY
WORKS

11-1. General
11-2. Estimate of an underground storage tank (only in bricks)
11-3. Estimate of brick cum R.C.C. type underground water storage
tank
11-4. Estimate of an overhead R.C.C. water storage tank
11-5. Septic tanks
11-6. Design of a septic tank and a soak well
11-7. Estimate of a septic tank with soak well
11-8. Estimate of a septic tank
11-9. Estimate of a septic tank with three compartments

Chapter 12:ESTIMATES OF BRIDGES, CULVERTS AND PIERS

12-1. General
12-2. Estimate of a pier
12-3. Estimate of a railway culvert
12-4. Estimate of a hume pipe culvert
12-5. Estimate of a hume pipe culvert
12-6. Estimate of a pipe culvert
12-7. Estimate of a slab culvert
12-8. Estimate of a road bridge
12-9. Estimate of a splayed wing wall

Chapter 13: ESTIMATES OF IRRIGATION WORKS

13-1. General
13-2. Estimate of a cushion type fall
13-3. Estimate of a canal fall
13-4. Estimate of a hume pipe head regulator
13-5. Estimate of an earthen dam

Chapter 14:ESTIMATES OF ROAD WORKS

14-1. General
14-2. Computation of volume by corss-sections
14-2-1.Level section
14-2-2.Two-level section
14-2-3.Side hill two-level section
14-2-4.Three-level section
14-2-5.Multi-level section
14-3. Computation of volume of earthwork
14-3-1.Mid-sectional area method
14-3-2.Mean-sectional area method
14-3-3.Trapezoidal formula
14-3-4.Prismoidal formula
14-3-5.Spot levels
14-4. Typical estimates of road work
14-5. Estimate of Earthwork of a road in cutting
14-6. Estimate of Earthwork of a road partly in cutting and partly
in embankment
14-7. Estimate of Earthwork of a road in plain
14-8. Estimate of earthwork for a road using mid-sectional area method
14-9. Estimate of earthwork for a road using mid-sectional area and
mean sectional area method
14-10. Estimate of earthwork for a road using mid-sectional area method
14-11. Estimate of earthwork for a road using prismoidal formula
14-12. estimate of earthwork for a road using trapezoidal formula
14-13. Estimate of earthwork for a small pond
14-14. Estimate of earthwork for a road partly in cutting and partly
in filling
14-15. Estimate of earthwork of a road in embankment
14-16. Estimate of earthwork of a curved road in embankment

Chapter 15:CONTRACTS AND TENDERS
CONTRACTS

15-1. Definitions
15-2. Essential requirements or elements of a valid contract
15-3. Trade usages
15-4. Forms of contract
15-4-1.Lump-sum contracts
15-4-2.Unit-price or item-rate contracts
15-4-3.Cost-plus or percentage contracts
15-4-4.Basic price contracts
15-5. Types of contracts
15-6. Termination of contracts
15-7. Contract documents
15-8. Qualification of contractors
15-8-1.Post-qualification of contractors
15-8-2.Pre-qualification of contractors
15-8-3.Independent contractor
15-8-4.Irresponsible contractor
15-9. Responsibilities of different agencies
15-10. Contract between owner and engineer
15-11. Work executed without a contract
TENDERS
15-12. Meaning of tender
15-13. Classification of tenders
15-14. Tender notice
15-15. Advertisement of tender
15-16. Tender form
15-17. Mode of submission of tender
15-18. Opening of tenders
15-19. Scrutiny of tenders
15-20. Acceptance of tender
15-21. Revocation of tender

15-22. Unbalanced tender
15-23. Liquidated damages
15-24. Mobilization fund
15-25. Direct and indirect costs
Questions 15
Chapter 16:CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT
16-1. Definition
16-2. Object
16-3. Importance
16-4. Peculiarities
16-5. General provisions
16-6. Typical clauses of the conditions of contract
16-7 Escalation clause
16-8. Conditions of contract in outlines
Questions 16

Chapter 17:ARBITRATIONM

17-1. General
17-2. Definition
17-3. Matters for reference to arbitration
17-4. Kinds of arbitration
17-5 Arbitrator
17-6. Appointment of arbitrators
17-7. Powers of an arbitrator
17-8. Disabilities of an arbitrator
17-9. Arbitration agreement
17-10. Revocation of arbitration agreement/denial of reference to
arbitration
17-11. Process of arbitration
17-12. Award by an arbitrator
17-13. Conditions favourable for arbitration
17-14. Advantages of arbitration
17-15. Quick Dispute Resolution (QDR) methodology
17-16. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) under the code of civil
procedure
Questions 17

Chapter 18:ACCOUNTS

18-1. General
18-2. Stores
18-3. Difference between accounts of ‘Stock’ and ‘Tools and Plants’
18-4. Issue notes
18-5. Note book
18-6. Vouchers
18-7. Hand receipts
18-8. Unstamped receipts
18-9. Receipt of money
18-10. Treasury challan
18-11. Cash book
18-12. Credit note
18-13. Work-abstract
18-14. Register of works
18-15. Appropriation and re-appropriation
18-16. Materials at site accounts
18-17. Capital works and repair works
18-18. Administrative approval and technical sanction
18-19. Measurement book (M.B.)
18-20. Muster roll
18-21. Completion report
18-22. Imprest
18-23. Daily report
18-24. Deposit works
18-25. Record of bills
18-26. Advance payment and secured advance payment
18-27. Piece-work system of payment
18-28. Inventory
18-29. Work-slip and work-abstract
18-30. Site order book
18-31. Methods of execution of work in P.W.D.
18-32. Selection of mode of execution of work in P.W.D.
18-33. Difference between department execution and contract system
Questions 18

Chapter 19:CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING

19-1. General
19-2. Need for construction management
19-3. Scope of construction management
19-4. Factors affecting construction management
19-5. Methods for planning construction activities
19-6. Bar charts or Gantt charts
19-7. Network technique
19-8. Procedure for Critical Path Method (CPM)
19-8-1. Typical problems on CPM
19-8-2. Advantages of CPM
19-8-3. Limitations of CPM
19-8-4. Uses of CPM
19-8-5. Difficulties in implementation of the CPM
19-9. Programme Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
19-10. Time-grid diagram method
19-11. Mile–stone charts
19-12. Resources planning
19-13. Resource allocation
19-14. Resource levelling
19-15. Job layout of construction site
19-16. Storage of materials
19-17. Stock control
19-18. Stages of material management
19-19. Inventory control
19-20. Disposal of surplus materials
Questions 19

PART II: VALUATION
Chapter 20:COST, PRICE AND VALUE

20-1. General
20-2. Real properties and personal properties
20-3. Differences between the real properties and personal properties
20-4. Valuation
20-5. Cost, price and value
20-6. Concept of the term value
20-7. Purposes of valuation
20-8. Different forms of value
20-9. Factors affecting changes in market value
20-10. Classification of the valuers
20-11. Role of the valuer
20-12. New horizons of valuation
Questions 20

Chapter 21:MORTGAGE, FREEHOLD AND LEASEHOLD
PROPERTIES

21-1. General
21-2. Types of interests
21-3. Freehold interests
21-4. Leasehold interests
21-5. Difference between freehold and leasehold property
21-6. Mortgage
21-7. Reverse mortgage
21-8. Typical problems
Questions 21

Chapter 22:OUTGOINGS AND NET INCOME

22-1. Definition
22-2. Usual types of outgoings
22-3. Typical problems
22-4. Gross income and net income
Questions 22

Chapter 23:EASEMENTS

23-1. General
23-2. Definition
23-3. Essential characteristics of easements
23-4. Creation of easements
23-5. Extinguishment of easements

23-6. Easements and natural rights
23-7. Effect on valuation due to easement
23-8. Typical problems
Questions 23

Chapter 24:VALUATION OF LICENCED PREMISES

24-1. General
24-2. General principle of valuation
24-3. Valuation of a cinema
24-4. Valuation of a hotel
24-5. Typical problems
Questions 24

Chapter 25:DEPRECIATION

25-1. Meaning of the term
25-2. Depreciation as cost in operation
25-3. Depreciation as decrease in worth
25-3-1. Physical conditions
25-3-2. Functional obsolescence
25-3-3. Economic obsolescence
25-4. Difference between depreciation and obsolescence
25-5. Methods for estimating cost depreciation
25-6. Cost of construction
25-7. Cost depreciation and value depreciation
25-8. Reproduction cost and replacement cost
25-9. Depreciation and depletion
25-10. Typical problems
Questions 25

Chapter 26:STANDARD RENT

26-1. General
26-2. Forms of rent
26-3. Objects of Rent Act
26-4. Meaning of standard rent
26-5. Exemptions from the Rent Act
26-6. Process of fixing standard rent
26-7. Methods of ascertaining standard rent
26-8. Important factors
26-9. Inheritance of tenancy right
26-10. Typical problems
Questions 26

Chapter 27:METHODS OF VALUATION

27-1. General
27-2. Methods of valuation for open lands
27-3. Methods of valuation for lands with buildings
27-3-1. Rental method
27-3-2. Direct comparisons of the capital value
27-3-3. Valuation by reference to profits
27-3-4. Valuation based on the cost or contractor’s method
27-3-5. Residual or development method
27-4. Typical problems
Questions 27

Chapter 28:MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS

28-1. General
28-2. Amortization
28-3. Annuity
28-4. Capitalised value
28-5. Deferred or reversionary land value
28-6. Encumbrance factor
28-7. Year’s purchase
Questions 28

Chapter 29: VALUATION TABLES
Appendix: PRACTICAL QUESTIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Index